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          gRPC学习（一）——gRPC初始
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        <p>简单一句话概括，gRPC是Google开源的一套高性能的、通用的RPC框架。其主要特点为：<strong>基于 HTTP/2 标准设计、IDL (接口定义语言) 层使用Protocol Buffers以及支持大多数主流开发语言（C, C++, Python, PHP, Ruby, NodeJS, C#, Objective-C, Golang, Java）。</strong></p>
<a id="more"></a>

<h2 id="Based-On-Http2-Standard"><a href="#Based-On-Http2-Standard" class="headerlink" title="Based On Http2 Standard"></a>Based On Http2 Standard</h2><p>由于gRPC基于HTTP 2.0标准设计，带来了更多强大功能，如多路复用、二进制帧、头部压缩、推送机制。这些功能给设备带来重大益处，如节省带宽、降低TCP连接次数、节省CPU使用等。gRPC既能够在客户端应用，也能够在服务器端应用，从而以透明的方式实现两端的通信和简化通信系统的构建。<br>HTTP 版本分为HTTP 1.X、 HTTP 2.0，其中HTTP 1.X是当前使用最广泛的HTTP协议，HTTP 2.0称为超文本传输协议第二代。HTTP 1.X定义了四种与服务器交互的方式，分别为：GET、POST、PUT、DELETE，这些在HTTP 2.0中均保留。我们再来看看HTTP 2.0的新特性：</p>
<h3 id="Two-Way-Flow"><a href="#Two-Way-Flow" class="headerlink" title="Two-Way Flow"></a>Two-Way Flow</h3><p>在HTTP 1.X协议中，客户端在同一时间访问同一域名的请求数量是有限制的，当超过阈值时请求会被阻断，但是这种情况在HTTP 2.0中将被忽略。由于HTTP 1.X传输的是纯文本数据，传输体积较大，而HTTP 2.0传输的基本单元为帧，每个帧都包含消息，并且由于HTTP 2.0允许同时通过一条连接发起多个“请求-响应”消息，无需建立多个TCP链接的同时实现多条流并行，提高吞吐性能，并且在一个连接内对多个消息进行优先级的管理和流控。如下图所示：<br><img src="/2020/10/21/gRPC%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E2%80%94%E2%80%94gRPC%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B/000.png" alt="000"></p>
<h3 id="Binary-Frame"><a href="#Binary-Frame" class="headerlink" title="Binary Frame"></a>Binary Frame</h3><p>相对于HTTP 1.X的纯文本传输来，HTTP 2.0传输的是二进制数据，与Protocol Buffers相辅相成。使得传输数据体积小、负载低，保持更加紧凑和高效。</p>
<h3 id="Head-Compression"><a href="#Head-Compression" class="headerlink" title="Head Compression"></a>Head Compression</h3><p>因为HTTP是无状态协议，对于业务的处理没有记忆能力，每一次请求都需要携带设备的所有细节，特别是在头部都会包含大量的重复数据，对于设备来说就是在不断地做无意义的重复性工作。HTTP 2.0中使用“头表”来跟踪之前发送的数据，对于相同的数据将不再使用重复请求和发送，进而减少数据的体积。</p>
<h2 id="Protocol-Buffers"><a href="#Protocol-Buffers" class="headerlink" title="Protocol Buffers"></a>Protocol Buffers</h2><p>Protocol Buffers是一种更加灵活、高效的数据格式，与XML、JSON类似，在一些高性能且对响应速度有要求的数据传输场景非常适用。它相比JSON、XML有以下优点：</p>
<ol>
<li>简单，体积小，数据描述文件大小只有1/10至1/3</li>
<li>传输和解析的速率快，相比XML等，解析速度提升20倍甚至更高</li>
<li>可编译性强</li>
</ol>
<p>关于Protocol Buffers更详细的介绍，将在另一篇中单独展开。</p>
<h2 id="Interface-Definition"><a href="#Interface-Definition" class="headerlink" title="Interface Definition"></a>Interface Definition</h2><p>实际上gRPC的接口定义使用的正是Protocol Buffers，语言编码层面的我们单独在另一篇中介绍，这里介绍gRPC定义服务的四种方式。</p>
<h3 id="Unary-RPCs"><a href="#Unary-RPCs" class="headerlink" title="Unary RPCs"></a>Unary RPCs</h3><p>客户单向服务器发送单个请求并获取单个响应，就行普通函数调用一样。</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function">rpc <span class="title">sayHello</span><span class="params">(HelloRequest)</span> <span class="title">returns</span> <span class="params">(HelloResponse)</span> </span>&#123;&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="Server-Streaming-RPCs"><a href="#Server-Streaming-RPCs" class="headerlink" title="Server Streaming RPCs"></a>Server Streaming RPCs</h3><p>客户端向服务器发送请求，并获取流以读取一系列消息。客户端从返回的流中读取，直到没有更多消息为止。gRPC保证单个RPC调用的顺序。</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function">rpc <span class="title">sayHello</span><span class="params">(HelloRequest)</span> <span class="title">returns</span> <span class="params">(stream HelloResponse)</span> </span>&#123;&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="Client-Streaming-RPCs"><a href="#Client-Streaming-RPCs" class="headerlink" title="Client Streaming RPCs"></a>Client Streaming RPCs</h3><p>客户端使用提供的流写入消息序列，然后将它们发送到服务器。客户端写完消息后，它将等待服务器读取消息并返回响应。gRPC保证了在单个RPC调用中的消息顺序。</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function">rpc <span class="title">sayHello</span><span class="params">(stream HelloRequest)</span> <span class="title">returns</span> <span class="params">(HelloResponse)</span> </span>&#123;&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="Bidirectional-Streaming-RPCs"><a href="#Bidirectional-Streaming-RPCs" class="headerlink" title="Bidirectional Streaming RPCs"></a>Bidirectional Streaming RPCs</h3><p>双方都使用读写流发送一系列消息。这两个流是独立运行的，因此客户端和服务端可以按照自己喜欢的顺序进行读写：例如，服务器可以在写响应之前等待接收完所有客户端消息，或者可以先读取一条消息再写入一条消息，或者其他一些读写组合。每个流中的顺序都会保留。</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function">rpc <span class="title">sayHello</span><span class="params">(stream HelloRequest)</span> <span class="title">returns</span> <span class="params">(stream HelloResponse)</span> </span>&#123;&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

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